{"id":59670,"date":"2023-11-15T08:30:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-15T07:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dzogchentoday.org\/?p=59670"},"modified":"2023-11-15T08:37:39","modified_gmt":"2023-11-15T07:37:39","slug":"ami-de-bien-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dzogchentoday.org\/fr\/ami-de-bien-2\/","title":{"rendered":"L’Ami de bien 2"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Dans “L’Ami de bien 2, Le Dzogch\u00e8n et le rapport aux traditions occidentales”, Mila Khyentse parle du ma\u00eetre dans l’histoire occidentale.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Feature 14″ _builder_version=”4.16″ min_height=”695px” custom_margin=”-1px|||||” custom_padding=”0px||49px|||” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px||3px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ module_class=”column1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding_tablet=”||50px|” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|tablet” global_colors_info=”{}” padding_tablet=”||50px|” padding_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_padding__hover=”|||” padding_phone=”||50px|”][et_pb_text quote_border_weight=”0px” quote_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” module_id=”up1″ _builder_version=”4.23.1″ text_font=”Montserrat||||||||” text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”1.8em” link_font=”Montserrat|700||||||#BF9E77|” link_text_color=”#BF9E77″ link_font_size=”18px” link_line_height=”1.8em” quote_font=”Cormorant Garamond|700|||||||” quote_text_color=”#13204d” quote_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_font=”Quattrocento Sans|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#13204d” header_2_line_height=”1.6em” header_3_font=”|700|||||||” header_3_text_color=”#000000″ header_4_letter_spacing=”12px” header_5_font=”|300|||||||” header_5_text_color=”#bfbfbf” header_5_letter_spacing=”12px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_letter_spacing=”12px” module_alignment=”left” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_padding=”29px||29px||true|” quote_font_size_tablet=”” quote_font_size_phone=”” quote_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” saved_tabs=”all” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

L’Ami de bien 2 : Le Dzogch\u00e8n et le rapport aux traditions occidentales<\/h2>\n

Le monde occidental n\u2019est pas en reste en ce qui concerne la tradition de la figure du ma\u00eetre, ou de l\u2019ami de bien, comme nous l\u2019avons \u00e9voqu\u00e9 dans\u00a0le premier article<\/a>\u00a0de cette s\u00e9rie.<\/p>\n

De la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que dans le monde indien, les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de la sph\u00e8re culturelle europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019Ouest se sont structur\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re tripartite.<\/p>\n

Les Celtes tout d\u2019abord dont les trois fonctions, clerg\u00e9, noblesse et peuple \u2013 tels que l\u2019ont d\u00e9fini\u00a0Fran\u00e7oise Le Roux et Christian J. Guyonvarc\u2019h<\/a>\u00a0inscrits dans les th\u00e9ories de Dum\u00e9zil \u2013 hi\u00e9rarchisaient la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Les repr\u00e9sentants du clerg\u00e9, les Druides, \u00e9taient responsables du lien avec les dieux, le monde invisible du vivant et de l\u2019au-del\u00e0, mais \u00e9galement de la connaissance et de l\u2019\u00e9ducation d\u2019une mani\u00e8re plus large, notamment le rapport \u00e0 la nature. C\u2019\u00e9tait, \u00e0 l\u2019image du monde v\u00e9dique, la fonction sacr\u00e9e et sacerdotale par excellence et celle dont l\u2019aura \u00e9tait la plus prestigieuse car li\u00e9e au \u00ab\u00a0monde spirituel\u00a0\u00bb. L\u2019apprentissage se faisait de ma\u00eetre \u00e0 disciple, au sein d\u2019un m\u00eame clan ou non.<\/p>\n

Dans le monde m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en, chez les \u00c9trusques et les Romains, influenc\u00e9s \u00e9galement par les indo-europ\u00e9ens et les Grecs, la fonction sacr\u00e9e \u00e9tait \u00e9galement l\u2019apanage de \u00ab\u00a0sp\u00e9cialistes\u00a0\u00bb qui recevaient un entra\u00eenement sp\u00e9cial de leur ma\u00eetre (le responsable rituel pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent) pour effectuer le rite fond\u00e9 sur une stricte ex\u00e9cution de gestes (orthopraxie<\/a>) d\u00e9termin\u00e9s par la tradition. En effet, les religions romaines \u00e9taient tourn\u00e9es presque enti\u00e8rement vers le rituel et ne poss\u00e9daient quasi aucune croyance ou aucun dogme, \u00e0 part celles qui r\u00e9gulent le rapport aux dieux et le rituel \u00e0 leur adresser. \u00c0 Rome, comme dans l\u2019Inde v\u00e9dique ou classique, la transmission de ma\u00eetre \u00e0 disciple concernait tout particuli\u00e8rement la pr\u00e9cision du geste.<\/p>\n

\n

Pourtant, le Dzogch\u00e8n, comme tant d\u2019autres traditions, insiste sur une transmission authentique, vivante, passant par l\u2019exp\u00e9rience et la proximit\u00e9. Ce qui est transmis est l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de toute une vie de pratique, de recherches et de r\u00e9flexion du ma\u00eetre vers le disciple.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u00c0 la fin de la p\u00e9riode romaine, une autre figure spirituelle s\u2019impose, celle du monde chr\u00e9tien naissant. C\u2019est ce mod\u00e8le qui devient \u00ab\u00a0officiel\u00a0\u00bb avec l\u2019empereur Constantin, puis qui s\u2019impose dans l\u2019Occident romain \u00e0 la faveur des bouleversements op\u00e9r\u00e9s par les \u00ab\u00a0invasions barbares\u00a0\u00bb. La structure sociale \u00e9volue et se renforce via les trois fonctions que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 abord\u00e9es. C\u2019est la dynastie carolingienne qui va fixer d\u00e9finitivement le sch\u00e9ma des trois ordres de toute la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e9vale\u00a0:\u00a0laboratores<\/em>\u00a0(travailleurs),\u00a0bellatores<\/em> (guerriers) et, au sommet,\u00a0qui orant<\/em>\u00a0(ceux qui prient). Ici aussi, la fonction sacr\u00e9e est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme pr\u00e9\u00e9minente. Deux figures principales de la fonction sacr\u00e9e se figent alors\u00a0: celles du moine, le clerg\u00e9 r\u00e9gulier, et celle du pr\u00eatre, le clerg\u00e9 s\u00e9culier.<\/p>\n

L\u2019image du ma\u00eetre est tr\u00e8s forte, surtout dans le monachisme o\u00f9 le novice va suivre un \u00ab\u00a0ancien\u00a0\u00bb en le servant tout en apprenant de lui. C\u2019est notamment ce que raconte tr\u00e8s bien Umberto Eco dans\u00a0Le Nom de la Rose<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, on retrouve ce lien de ma\u00eetre et serviteur ailleurs, notamment dans les ordres de chevalier (chevalier et \u00e9cuyer), les b\u00e2tisseurs de cath\u00e9drale (le ma\u00eetre artisan et les apprentis), etc.<\/p>\n

Cette relation ma\u00eetre-disciple a \u00e9t\u00e9 un des ciments principaux de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dite d\u2019Ancien R\u00e9gime. C\u2019\u00e9tait la base m\u00eame de la transmission des savoirs, qu\u2019ils soient sacr\u00e9s ou profanes. Le v\u00e9ritable savoir, \u00e0 l\u2019image des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s traditionnelles, \u00e9tait surtout oral et donc se transmettait directement.<\/p>\n

La tradition rabbinique, tr\u00e8s forte dans toute l\u2019Europe au Moyen \u00c2ge (et toujours tr\u00e8s vivante aujourd\u2019hui), conna\u00eet \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s bien cette relation ma\u00eetre-\u00e9l\u00e8ve. On apprend aux pieds du ma\u00eetre les textes sacr\u00e9s ou profanes et on affine sa connaissance et sa sagesse par un dialogue f\u00e9cond. Pour devenir \u00ab\u00a0disciple des Sages\u00a0\u00bb, l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve profite du souffle vivant de son ma\u00eetre et le fait sien.<\/p>\n

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Puis, vint la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise et ce f\u00fbt un autre tournant de l\u2019histoire qui redistribua les cartes sociales, notamment en bouleversant le principe des trois fonctions.<\/p>\n

Le monde moderne, principalement avec les Lumi\u00e8res, a fait encore plus \u00e9voluer le rapport hi\u00e9rarchique de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 occidentale, mais resta toujours attach\u00e9, d\u2019une mani\u00e8re un peu diff\u00e9rente, \u00e0 la relation essentielle du ma\u00eetre et du disciple, notamment en philosophie.<\/p>\n

Il faut attendre le vingti\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, l\u2019\u00e9cole pour tous et la r\u00e9volution technologique pour redistribuer les cartes encore une fois. Une grande partie du savoir devient d\u00e9finitivement \u00ab\u00a0civil\u00a0\u00bb et est accessible d\u2019une mani\u00e8re relativement ouverte\u00a0: le ma\u00eetre est d\u00e9sormais celui de l\u2019\u00e9cole et le rapport que l\u2019on a avec lui n\u2019est plus du tout celui du Moyen \u00c2ge. Cependant, le rapport ma\u00eetre-disciple traditionnel continue \u00e0 perdurer au sein des religions, m\u00eame s\u2019il se transforme avec l\u2019orientation prise par la modernit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Le vingt-et-uni\u00e8me si\u00e8cle voit se d\u00e9velopper de mani\u00e8re tr\u00e8s rapide le savoir pour tous et par tous. Nous pouvons d\u00e9sormais apprendre quasiment tout, en suivant des formations qui deviennent d\u2019ailleurs de plus en plus d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9es. Nous nous \u00e9loignons ainsi de plus en plus de ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019un des ciments de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 humaine quasi depuis son origine.<\/p>\n

Cette derni\u00e8re \u00e9volution de la transmission et des savoirs, sacr\u00e9s et\/ou profanes, fait que nous pensons avoir acc\u00e8s de plus en plus \u00e0 un savoir qui n\u00e9cessite de moins en moins une origine, et une origine humaine.<\/p>\n

Pourtant, le Dzogch\u00e8n, comme tant d\u2019autres traditions, insiste sur une transmission authentique, vivante, passant par l\u2019exp\u00e9rience et la proximit\u00e9. Ce qui est transmis est l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de toute une vie de pratique, de recherches et de r\u00e9flexion du ma\u00eetre vers le disciple. On dit \u00ab\u00a0comme l\u2019eau d\u2019un vase vers\u00e9e dans un autre vase\u00a0\u00bb. C\u2019est la m\u00eame eau d\u00e9salt\u00e9rante, quel que soit le r\u00e9cipient. Pour nous, bien s\u00fbr, la question n\u2019est pas de savoir si l\u2019enseignement peut \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e, mais plut\u00f4t de savoir si la Grande Perfection \u2013 ou tout autre enseignement primordial \u2013 peut \u00eatre transmise sans ma\u00eetre. Quelle serait alors la nature de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience transmise si elle ne l\u2019est pas par quelqu\u2019un qui l\u2019a exp\u00e9riment\u00e9 directement\u00a0? Peut-\u00eatre d\u2019ailleurs que la v\u00e9ritable question n\u2019est pas celle de l\u2019importance ou non de la relation ma\u00eetre-disciple, mais bien plus de la clarification de cette relation.<\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9bat semble faire rage \u00e0 l\u2019heure actuelle dans nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s modernes occidentales.<\/p>\n

Ce n\u2019est pas un d\u00e9bat dans la Grande Perfection\u2026<\/p>\n

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Dans “L’Ami de bien 2, Le Dzogch\u00e8n et le rapport aux traditions occidentales”, Mila Khyentse parle du ma\u00eetre dans l’histoire occidentale.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":59653,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[117,196,209],"tags":[275,229,245],"class_list":["post-59670","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-fr","category-dzogchen-introduction-generale","category-bases-dzogchen","tag-bases","tag-dzogchen","tag-introduction"],"yoast_head":"\nL'Ami de bien 2 - Dzogchen Today!<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dans "L'Ami de bien 2, Le Dzogch\u00e8n et le rapport aux traditions occidentales", Mila Khyentse parle du ma\u00eetre dans l'histoire occidentale.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dzogchentoday.org\/fr\/ami-de-bien-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L'Ami de bien 2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dans "L'Ami de bien 2, Le Dzogch\u00e8n et le rapport aux traditions occidentales", Mila Khyentse parle du ma\u00eetre dans l'histoire occidentale.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dzogchentoday.org\/fr\/ami-de-bien-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dzogchen Today!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/people\/Dzogchen-Today\/61559373905108\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-11-15T07:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-11-15T07:37:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dzogchentoday.org\/wp-dzogtodaychen-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/The-Friend-of-Good.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"688\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mila Khyentse\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@KhyentseMila\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@KhyentseMila\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mila Khyentse\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/dzogchentoday.org\\\/fr\\\/ami-de-bien-2\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/dzogchentoday.org\\\/fr\\\/ami-de-bien-2\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Mila Khyentse\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/dzogchentoday.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/23fd2d42c3b6e542ed0899498dd60ad7\"},\"headline\":\"L’Ami de bien 2\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-11-15T07:30:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-11-15T07:37:39+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/dzogchentoday.org\\\/fr\\\/ami-de-bien-2\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2762,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/dzogchentoday.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/dzogchentoday.org\\\/fr\\\/ami-de-bien-2\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/dzogchentoday.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/11\\\/The-Friend-of-Good.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Bases\",\"Dzogch\u00e8n\",\"Introduction\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Blog\",\"Dzogch\u00e8n Introduction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale\",\"Les bases du Dzogch\u00e8n\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/dzogchentoday.org\\\/fr\\\/ami-de-bien-2\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/dzogchentoday.org\\\/fr\\\/ami-de-bien-2\\\/\",\"name\":\"L'Ami de bien 2 - 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