{"id":51881,"date":"2022-11-14T18:35:56","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T17:35:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dzogchentoday.org\/?p=51881"},"modified":"2023-01-26T15:29:28","modified_gmt":"2023-01-26T14:29:28","slug":"atelier-traducteur-espace-liberte-triple-exigence-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dzogchentoday.org\/fr\/atelier-traducteur-espace-liberte-triple-exigence-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Dans l\u2019atelier du traducteur\u00a0: L\u2019espace de libert\u00e9 et la triple exigence 1"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Dans “Dans l\u2019atelier du traducteur\u00a0: L\u2019espace de libert\u00e9 et la triple exigence 1”, Paul nous parle de la triple exigence que tout bon traducteur doit immanquablement avoir… pour bien traduire.<\/p>\n

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La triple exigence<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

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Une triple exigence de traduction permet aux grandes traditions de traverser les si\u00e8cles. Elle permet \u00e0 leur fondement, l\u2019essence de la lib\u00e9ration, de demeurer \u00e0 travers les changements de langues et de cultures et m\u00eame, pourrait-on dire, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ceux-ci.<\/p>\n

La triple exigence est : (1) correspondre au sens du mot, (2) \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9rience qu\u2019il d\u00e9signe, et (3) que le mot et l\u2019exp\u00e9rience soient imm\u00e9diatement compr\u00e9hensible pour le lecteur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(1) La premi\u00e8re exigence est en lien avec la pr\u00e9servation<\/a> : correspondre au sens original du mot.<\/p>\n

La premi\u00e8re exigence semble la plus simple et, \u00e0 certains \u00e9gards, elle est la plus traditionnelle : un mot dans une langue correspond \u00e0 un autre mot dans une autre langue. Les mots correspondent entre eux car ils ont le m\u00eame sens et d\u00e9signent la m\u00eame r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Cette th\u00e9orie de la traduction a servi \u00e0 la traduction de nombreux textes sacr\u00e9s : on y consid\u00e8re que l\u2019essence spirituelle du mot r\u00e9side dans l\u2019\u00e9tymon de la langue-source, et qu\u2019il s\u2019agit de trouver l\u2019\u00e9tymon correspondant dans la langue-cible pour que la traduction fonctionne.<\/p>\n

Mais l\u2019on comprend bien vite que cela devient plus ardu d\u00e8s que l\u2019on parle de r\u00e9alit\u00e9s immat\u00e9rielles, d\u2019exp\u00e9riences psychiques, de r\u00eaves et d\u2019exp\u00e9riences de m\u00e9ditation, de toute cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em> t\u00e9nue<\/em>, subtile, \u00e9chappant au palpable et r\u00e9voquant l\u2019objectivit\u00e9 tangible, pour d\u00e9ployer tout un univers pourtant vaste et riche de r\u00e9alit\u00e9s contemplatives qui ne sont pas n\u00e9es de la confusion mais bien au contraire, de la clart\u00e9. Comment, alors, traduire le mot exact ? Comment \u00eatre certain qu\u2019il s\u2019agit de la m\u00eame chose<\/em>, quand on ne parle pas de choses<\/em> ?<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”4px||1px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||3px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Montserrat||||||||” text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”1.8em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Une mani\u00e8re de r\u00e9soudre ce probl\u00e8me consiste \u00e0 ne pas traduire et \u00e0 laisser le mot tel quel : ne pas traduire est un acte de traduction fort, un choix qui porte une vision \u00e0 long terme. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019importer dans une culture un terme qui n\u2019y pr\u00e9existait pas, en esp\u00e9rant qu\u2019elle l\u2019adopte, lui ouvre les pages de ses dictionnaires, l\u2019enseigne dans ses \u00e9coles. Parfois cela marche et le mot reste : en fran\u00e7ais comme en anglais, tout le monde conna\u00eet les s\u00e9raphins et les ch\u00e9rubins. Ces mots ont \u00e9t\u00e9 impl\u00e9ment\u00e9s en Occident lors de la traduction de la <\/span>Septante<\/span><\/a> <\/span>par un coll\u00e8ge compos\u00e9 de 72 traducteurs. Cette traduction aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 commandit\u00e9e par le roi Ptol\u00e9m\u00e9e II sous l\u2019incitation de <\/span>D\u00e9m\u00e9trios de Phal\u00e8re<\/span><\/a>, le fondateur de la biblioth\u00e8que d\u2019Alexandrie. Ne trouvant pas l\u2019\u00e9quivalent grec de l\u2019h\u00e9breu <\/span>ker\u016bv<\/span>, ces traducteurs l\u2019ont copi\u00e9-coll\u00e9 tel quel.<\/span><\/span>23<\/span> <\/span>si\u00e8cles apr\u00e8s, nous l\u2019utilisons toujours. Mais le terme <\/span>ker\u016bv<\/span> lui-m\u00eame proviendrait de l\u2019assyrien <\/span>k\u00e9roub<\/span> o\u00f9 il signifierait \u00ab messager\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0prieur\u00a0\u00bb, et d\u00e9signe une sorte de <\/span>taureau ail\u00e9 et barbu<\/span><\/a> plac\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019entr\u00e9e des temples. Ce qui \u00e9voque les figures puissantes aux ailes de dix coud\u00e9es qui, dit-on, ornaient le temple de Salomon et nous semble tr\u00e8s loin des petits angelots et autres b\u00e9b\u00e9s ail\u00e9s qui ornent nos \u00e9glises chr\u00e9tiennes. Alors, importation r\u00e9ussie ou traduction rat\u00e9e ?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Dans la m\u00eame veine, nous n\u2019avons pas traduit le terme sanskrit <\/span>buddha<\/span>, qui est rest\u00e9 quasi tel quel en fran\u00e7ais ou en anglais. \u00c9tait-ce une bonne id\u00e9e ? Est-ce que cela a diffus\u00e9 l\u2019exp\u00e9rience et les pratiques associ\u00e9es \u00e0 ce mot ? Cela a-t-il fait na\u00eetre un nouveau pan culturel au sein d\u2019une culture qui n\u2019avait pas vu na\u00eetre ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne et n\u2019avait pas de mots pour l\u2019identifier ? Mais somm<\/span>es-nous certain<\/span>s que nous n\u2019avions pas les mots\u2026?<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00e9anmoins, la gageure sera, pour le traducteur, de d\u00e9livrer une partie du message exp\u00e9rientiel dans le sens premier du mot, son sens le plus \u00e9vident et le plus naturel.<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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(2) La deuxi\u00e8me exigence est en lien avec l\u2019adaptation<\/a> : l\u2019exp\u00e9rience que le mot d\u00e9signe.<\/p>\n

Les Occidentaux n\u2019ont pas traduit le terme sanskrit buddha<\/em>, mais les Tib\u00e9tains, eux, l\u2019ont fait. Il y avait une sacr\u00e9e \u00e9quipe de traducteurs, au VIII\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, r\u00e9unie autour de Vimalamitra, Bairotsana et les autres pandits, mais c\u2019est un autre sujet<\/a>. Donc, \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque-l\u00e0, et peut-\u00eatre m\u00eame quelques si\u00e8cles avant, du temps du l\u00e9gendaire Th\u00f6nmi Sambhota<\/a>, un traducteur malin, agile, a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019expliciter<\/em> le sens, ou l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de ce que c\u2019\u00e9tait buddha<\/em>. En tib\u00e9tain, \u00e7a donne sangs<\/em>rgyas<\/em> (prononcer \u201csangy\u00e9\u201d). sangs<\/em> (\u201dsang\u201d) veut dire dissip\u00e9, nettoy\u00e9, et rgyas<\/em> (\u201dgy\u00e9\u201d) signifie d\u00e9velopp\u00e9, \u00e9tendu, \u00e9panoui : c\u2019est une puret\u00e9 \u00e9panouie, un rayonnement sans trouble, un absolu qui peut tout sid\u00e9rer. Philippe Cornu vous dira qu\u2019on peut rapprocher cela du Dzogch\u00e8n, car on parle alors de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience directe de la clart\u00e9 luminosit\u00e9 fondamentale de la nature de l\u2019esprit : il ne s\u2019agit plus d\u2019un concept vide et peu clair, d\u2019une forme de mot qui n\u2019est qu\u2019un oripeau et dont on ne sait plus ce qu\u2019elle d\u00e9signe, mais d\u2019un mot reforg\u00e9 par le feu de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience r\u00e9elle. Cela r\u00e9pond d\u00e8s lors \u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me exigence qui, on le voit, permet de sortir du mim\u00e9tisme dangereux de la premi\u00e8re exigence.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Montserrat||||||||” text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”1.8em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

La deuxi\u00e8me exigence, l\u2019exigence exp\u00e9rientielle, \u00e9paule la litt\u00e9ralit\u00e9 de la premi\u00e8re et pr\u00e9vient les effets de <\/span>d\u00e9rive m\u00e9m\u00e9tique<\/span><\/a> inh\u00e9rents \u00e0 toute tradition qui se diffuse dans le temps : que le rituel et la formule deviennent vides de sens, et la tradition se d\u00e9prend de toute vitalit\u00e9, car sa transmission n\u2019est qu\u2019une forme ext\u00e9rieure sans contenu ni force transformative r\u00e9elle. Elle n\u2019est plus un v\u00e9hicule de lib\u00e9ration des \u00eatres, mais une prison suppl\u00e9mentaire o\u00f9 les sages ont \u00e9t\u00e9 remplac\u00e9s par des singes. C\u2019est ce que la seconde exigence se doit d\u2019\u00e9viter.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(3) La troisi\u00e8me exigence est en lien avec la transmission, le partage<\/a> : \u00eatre imm\u00e9diatement compr\u00e9hensible par le lecteur ou l\u2019auditeur.<\/p>\n

L\u2019imm\u00e9diatet\u00e9 est ici cardinale puisqu\u2019elle permet \u00e0 l\u2019auditeur-lecteur de rester coll\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9rience directe. Si le verbe est trop abstrus, trop compliqu\u00e9, l\u2019esprit d\u00e9croche, l\u2019exp\u00e9rience se perd, on nage dans les nuages. Le choix est donc d\u00e9terminant : trop conceptuel, et l\u2019on part dans des th\u00e9ories sans fin. Trop superficiel et on se dit que tout cela n\u2019est que du vent. Trop ancien, et on ne comprend rien car le mot a disparu de la circulation. On tente un n\u00e9ologisme ? On risque un mot que personne n\u2019a jamais utilis\u00e9\u2026et que personne n\u2019utilisera jamais. Il faut donc la jouer serr\u00e9e pour trouver le bon mot qui fera mouche, en restant cool et clair. C\u2019est le jeu de savoir rester en prise avec son temps, sa culture et ses tendances de fond, tout en y exposant quelque chose qui n\u2019y est pas encore clairement inscrit.<\/p>\n

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Le choix du lexique d\u00e8s lors se fera selon des crit\u00e8res de clart\u00e9, mais dans un registre simple, voire populaire. Au Tibet, les exemples abondent, et les pratiques les plus essentielles et les plus ultimes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 traduites par des \u00e9l\u00e9ments les plus directement concrets de cette culture de montagne. (Voir notre article sur la traduction de trekch\u00f6 et th\u00f6g\u00e4l). Comme l\u2019\u00e9crit <\/span>Mila Khy\u00e8nts\u00e9<\/span><\/a>, \u00ab\u00a0les meilleurs enseignants sont celles et ceux qui enseignent non pas par rapport \u00e0 ce qu\u2019ils pensent, mais par rapport \u00e0 ce que les autres pensent.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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Bien s\u00fbr, de nombreux termes de la tradition doivent \u00eatre expliqu\u00e9s, comment\u00e9s, d\u00e9pli\u00e9s, pour atteindre \u00e0 une limpidit\u00e9 sans erreur. N\u00e9anmoins, la gageure sera, pour le traducteur, de d\u00e9livrer une partie du message exp\u00e9rientiel dans le sens premier du mot, son sens le plus \u00e9vident et le plus naturel. L\u2019\u00e9vidence naturelle, n\u2019est-ce pas cela, en essence, le c\u0153ur de la Grande Perfection ? Et c\u2019est cette essence primordiale que la triple exigence du traducteur doit convoyer au sein de si\u00e8cles de mots.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Dans “Dans l\u2019atelier du traducteur\u00a0: L\u2019espace de libert\u00e9 et la triple exigence 1”, Paul nous parle de la triple exigence que tout bon traducteur doit immanquablement avoir… pour bien traduire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":51887,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[117,565],"tags":[213,229,265,259,279],"class_list":["post-51881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-fr","category-reflexions-traduction","tag-adapter","tag-dzogchen","tag-partager","tag-preserver","tag-traductions"],"yoast_head":"\nDans l\u2019atelier du traducteur\u00a0: L\u2019espace de libert\u00e9 et la triple exigence 1 - 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